Research on Resistance Mechanisms of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Alternative Treatment Strategies from a Multi-Mechanism Perspective

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The proliferation of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains represents a critical threat to contemporary healthcare systems worldwide. This comprehensive analysis investigates the fundamental molecular pathways that enable bacterial resistance while examining innovative therapeutic alternatives to conventional antimicrobial treatments. Our systematic review encompasses key resistance phenomena including active drug efflux, molecular target alterations, enzymatic drug degradation, protective biofilm establishment, and genetic material exchange between species. We further assess novel therapeutic modalities encompassing advanced drug design, biotechnology-based interventions, and ecosystem-wide management strategies. Our findings underscore the necessity for integrated, multisectoral approaches informed by One Health principles to combat this escalating crisis. We particularly highlight the transformative potential of CRISPR-based technologies and nanomedicine platforms in reshaping future antimicrobial treatment paradigms.