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September 3, 2026The Korean Journal of Sports MedicineOpen Access

Machine-based Resistance Training Including Calf Raises versus Unstable Balance Training on Fall-related Functional Outcomes in Middle-aged Women: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

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Authors

SYSungjae YoonYCYounghwan ChoiSHSeunghyun Ham

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Overview

Randomized trial demonstrates high feasibility and distinct balance improvements in middle-aged women, indicating that calf-inclusive resistance training warrants full-scale evaluation.

Key Points

  • Evaluate the feasibility of a full-scale trial comparing machine-based resistance training including calf raises to unstable balance training, while exploring preliminary changes in fall-related functional outcomes.
  • Ten women aged 45–64 from Seoul were randomized 1:1 to machine-based resistance training (MRT, n=5) or unstable balance training (UBT, n=5), with 9 analyzed after one pre-baseline withdrawal.
  • Both groups completed 12 60-minute exercise sessions over 6 weeks (2 times per week), consisting of either six machine exercises with calf raises or five unilateral unstable-surface balance exercises.
  • Assessed feasibility endpoints (retention, attendance, adverse events) alongside body composition, isokinetic knee strength, and balance tests (Timed Up and Go, single-leg stance, Y-balance).
  • High feasibility was demonstrated with 90% participant retention, attendance of at least 90%, and no reported serious adverse events.
  • Exploratory within-group changes favored MRT for dynamic balance on the Y-balance test (g = +1.60) and UBT for mobility on the Timed Up and Go test (g = -0.96).
  • Both groups demonstrated decreased body fat and improved knee-flexor total work, while single-leg stance measures showed ceiling effects or baseline-variance artifacts.

Cite This Study

Yoon et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a9934ea636c6408cfa7cb16https://doi.org/10.5763/kjsm.2026.44.3.172
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