Obesity in women: current aspects of reproductive health disorders

Obesity and overweight tend to increase in prevalence in the whole world. Obese people have a higher incidence of cardiovascular diseases, stroke, osteoarthritis, diabetes mellitus and reproductive system diseases. This is especially evident in women. Hormonal imbalances is developed among obese women in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, typically there are menstruation disorders, anovulation and female infertility. Adipose tissue is an endocrine organ, with an intricate role in bioactive molecules secrete, in particularly adipokines, which interact differently with a variety of molecular pathways, contribute to the development of insulin resistance, inflammation, hypertension, increased risk of cardiovascular events, disorders of blood clotting, differentiation and maturation of oocytes. In addition, women with obesity and metabolic syndrome have problems with conception at the endometrial level often, a significantly higher risk of having a miscarriage, and worse assisted reproductive technology outcomes. Obesity has negative effects on the endometrium in non-pregnant women, it is increasing the risk of abnormal uterine bleeding. Hormones derived from adipose tissue could be affected on the function of the uterus/endometrium and, consequently, affect the amount of menstrual blood loss. Contradictory results are observed in patients with endometriosis. The correlation of body mass index to the risk of endometriosis has not been proven in clinical studies, but there was a direct relationship between the severity of endometriosis and a high body mass index. The review presents possible relationships of diseases of the reproductive system with obesity and overweight, determining their development and pathogenesis of disorders of the formation of the functions of reproductive organs.