The cortical connectivity of the periaqueductal gray and the conditioned response to the threat of breathlessness

Figures

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  Figure 1.. Mean BOLD response to breathlessness and anticipation of breathlessness. Right: 3-dimensional projection of the periaqueductal gray (PAG) within a cut-out of the midbrain. The images consist of a colour-rendered statistical map superimposed on a standard (MNI 1 x 1 × 1 mm) brain, and significant regions are displayed with a threshold Z > 2.3, with a cluster probability threshold of p<0.05 (corrected for multiple comparisons). Right: The grey region represents the periaqueductal gray, with significant clusters overlaid (p<0.05; non-parametric statistics, small volume-corrected for multiple comparisons using represented PAG mask). Abbreviations: PAG, periaqueductal gray; vlPAG and lPAG, ventrolateral and lateral PAG; M1, primary motor cortex; S1, primary sensory cortex; CN, caudate nucleus; SMC, supplementary motor cortex; Put, putamen; ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; dACC, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; PCC, posterior cingulate cortex; PC, precuneus; dlPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; dmPFC, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex; vmPFC, ventromedial prefrontal cortex; Hipp, hippocampus; amyg, amygdala; a-In, anterior insula; m-In, middle insula; p-In, posterior insula; LOC, lateral…

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  Figure 1—figure supplement 1.. Task subject-level general linear model. Left: Example general linear model used in each single subject lower level task analysis within FEAT. The FLOBS function creates three EVs for each regressor. The ‘resistance’ onset and duration were calculated from the recorded inspiratory pressure physiological traces, while the anticipation duration (‘anticipation’) was calculated from the onset of the stimulus to the beginning of the resistance. The ‘PETCO2’ trace was included to de-correlate the CO2-induced BOLD changes from the respiratory stimuli throughout the functional scan, and was formed by linearly interpolating between the end-tidal expired CO2 peaks. ‘No anticipation’ and ‘finger opposition’ onset and duration represented the presentation of the corresponding stimuli on the screen, and ‘relief from resistance’ was modelled as the rest periods immediately following each resistance application, prior to ratings (4 s duration). The ‘no resistance’ regressor was a single trial where no resistance was applied following an anticipation period, allowing greater decorrelation between the anticipation and resistance regressors. The ‘act of rating’ regressor was included to remove…

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  Figure 2.. BOLD response to breathlessness that scales with intensity values across subjects. The periaqueductal gray (PAG) is represented as a 3-dimensional projection within a cut-out of the midbrain. The images consist of a 3-dimensional colour-rendered statistical map superimposed on a standard (MNI 1 x 1 × 1 mm) brain. The grey region represents the periaqueductal gray, with significant clusters overlaid (p<0.05; non-parametric statistics with threshold-free cluster enhancement, small volume-corrected for multiple comparisons using represented PAG mask). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.21749.004

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  Figure 3.. Mean resting state functional connectivity of the active PAG seed regions. Left: 3-dimensional projection of the periaqueductal gray (PAG) within a cut-out of the midbrain, and the seed placement within the PAG according to functional BOLD activity results. Right: Resting functional connectivity (correlation strength) between the PAG seed and the rest of the brain. The images consist of a colour-rendered statistical map superimposed on a standard (MNI 1 x 1 × 1 mm) brain, and significant regions are displayed with a threshold Z > 2.3, with a cluster probability threshold of p<0.05 (corrected for multiple comparisons). Abbreviations: PAG, periaqueductal gray; vlPAG and lPAG, ventrolateral and lateral PAG; M1, primary motor cortex; S1, primary sensory cortex; CN, caudate nucleus; ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; PCC, posterior cingulate cortex; p-In, posterior insula; dmPFC, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex; Hipp hippocampus; V1, primary visual cortex; V, visual cortex; thalamic nuclei: VP, ventral posterolateral nucleus; VL, ventrolateral nucleus; DM, dorsomedial nucleus. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.21749.005

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  Figure 4.. Psychophysiological interactions (PPI) of the active PAG seed regions that scale with subjective ratings of intensity and anxiety of breathlessness across subjects. Left: 3-dimensional projection of the periaqueductal gray (PAG) within a cut-out of the midbrain, and the seed placement within the PAG according to functional BOLD activity results. Middle: Task functional connectivity (using psychophysiological interaction analyses; PPI) between the PAG seed and the rest of the brain during the anticipation and breathlessness tasks. The images consist of a colour-rendered statistical map superimposed on a standard (MNI 1 x 1 × 1 mm) brain, and significant regions are displayed with a threshold Z > 2.3, with a cluster probability threshold of p<0.05 (corrected for multiple comparisons). Right: Intra-PAG connectivity measured using permutation-testing within the whole PAG. Abbreviations: PAG, periaqueductal gray; vlPAG and lPAG, ventrolateral and lateral PAG; M1, primary motor cortex; SMC, supplementary motor cortex; Put, putamen; amyg, amygdala; INS, middle insula; I-IV, cerebellar lobe. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.21749.006