Association between carotenoid intake and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease among US adults: A cross-sectional study

Figures

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  Figure 1.. Flowchart of the sample selection from NHANES 2017–2018. BMI = body mass index, CAP = controlled attenuation parameter, IQR = interquartile range, NHANES = National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, MEC = mobile examination center, VCTE = vibration-controlled transient elastography, PIR = poverty-income ratio.

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  Figure 2.. Weighted logistic regression analysis models showing the association between MAFLD risk and carotenoid intake. Crude model: Unadjusted model. Model 1: Adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, educational level, and poverty-income ratio. Model 2: Additionally adjusted for body mass index, waist circumference, physical activity, sedentary behavior, smoking status, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, ALT, AST, γ-GT, TG, LDL-C, FINS, FPG, HbA1c, Hs-CRP, and total calories. γ-GT = gamma-glutamyl transferase, ALT = alanine aminotransferase, AST = aspartate aminotransferase, FINS = fasting insulin, FPG = fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c = glycohemoglobin, Hs-CRP = high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, MAFLD = metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease, OR = odd ratio, TG = triglyceride.

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  Figure 3.. Restricted cubic spline depicts the association between total lycopene intake and MAFLD: (A) Restricted cubic spline analysis among all survey subjects, (B) restricted cubic spline analysis across gender subgroups. The red, blue, and purple lines represent ORs, and the red, blue, and purple transparent areas represent 95% CIs. Restricted cubic spline models are adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, educational level, poverty-income ratio, body mass index, waist circumference, physical activity, sedentary behavior, smoking status, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, ALT, AST, γ-GT, TG, LDL-C, FINS, FPG, HbA1c, Hs-CRP, and total calories. γ-GT = gamma-glutamyl transferase, ALT = alanine aminotransferase, AST = aspartate aminotransferase, CI = confidence interval, FINS = fasting insulin, FPG = fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c = glycohemoglobin, Hs-CRP = high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, MAFLD = metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease, TG = triglyceride.

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  Figure 4.. Restricted cubic spline demonstrates the association between total lycopene intake and MAFLD in sensitivity analysis: (A) Restricted cubic spline analysis among all survey subjects, (B) restricted cubic spline analysis across gender subgroups. The red, blue, and purple lines represent ORs, and the red, blue, and purple transparent areas represent 95% CIs. Restricted cubic spline models are adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, educational level, poverty-income ratio, body mass index, waist circumference, physical activity, sedentary behavior, smoking status, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, ALT, AST, γ-GT, TG, LDL-C4, FINS, FPG, HbA1c, Hs-CRP, and total calories. γ-GT = gamma-glutamyl transferase, ALT = alanine aminotransferase, AST = aspartate aminotransferase, CI = confidence interval, FINS = fasting insulin, FPG = fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c = glycohemoglobin, Hs-CRP = high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, MAFLD = metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease, TG = triglyceride.