Association between Unhealthy Dietary Habits and Proteinuria Onset in a Japanese General Population: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Figures

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  Figure 1. Flow diagram of the study. Baseline variables included unhealthy dietary habits (late dinner, skipping breakfast, quick eating, and late evening snack), height, body weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, urine protein (dipstick measurement), serum creatinine, hemoglobin, triglyceride, total cholesterol, blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum uric acid, daily drinking, current smoking, use of antihypertensive agents, and use of glucose-lowering medication. eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.

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  Figure 2. Changes in body mass index and waist-to-height ratio according to baseline unhealthy dietary habits. Adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, estimated glomerular filtration rate, hemoglobin, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HbA1c, serum uric acid, daily drinking, and current smoking. Error bars represent the 95% confidence interval.

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  Figure 3. Kaplan–Meier curves and hazard ratio of proteinuria onset for each unhealthy dietary habit. Hazard ratios were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, estimated glomerular filtration rate, hemoglobin, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HbA1c, serum uric acid, daily drinking, and current smoking. The insets show the same data on enlarged y-axes. HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.

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  Figure 4. Association between unhealthy dietary habits and proteinuria onset according to the baseline categories of age, sex, and body mass index. Adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, estimated glomerular filtration rate, hemoglobin, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HbA1c, serum uric acid, daily drinking, and current smoking. (When the variable of subgroup was included in the explanatory variable, it was excluded from adjustment.).