Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
During vitrectomy through the pars plana, a second instrument, introduced through the opposite pars plana, is useful for specific surgical situations. Removal of pooled blood is facilitated by insertion of a 22-gauge needle connected to an additional infusion bottle. Large bleeding vessels are diathermized with a straight diathermy needle. Preretinal membranes are peeled off with a modified 22-gauge hypodermic needle. Solid vitreous strands are cut with a vitreous scissors, and foreign bodies are removed with a foreign-body forceps. Fiberoptics provide optimal illumination inside the eye for these manipulations.
No takes yet. Share an insight, caveat, or question.
Robert Machemer (1974) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 10 related papers. Consider them for comparative context: