High level ab initio calculations along with isodesmic reactions have been used to derive a set of self-consistent free energies of formation for carbonate and nitrate species in the gas phase and in aqueous solution. The results show that HCO3· is a strong acid, pKa = –4.1, and that E°(CO3·–/CO32) = 1.23 ± 0.15 V.
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Armstrong et al. (2006) studied this question.
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