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A method for calibrating indicating instruments that exploits the combinatorial properties of a set of different-valued, and mostly uncalibrated, artefacts is described. The paper presents the underlying principles of the method, its limitations, and examples of the application of the method to mass balances, optical detectors and resistance bridges. The method is applicable to indicating instruments that measure rational quantities and for which it is possible to combine artefacts with negligible error. For direct-reading instruments, at least one of the artefacts should be calibrated. For ratio-indicating instruments, none of the artefacts need be calibrated. It is shown that for artefacts that can be combined linearly, a binary sequence generally comes close to maximizing the number of combinations available.
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White et al. (2008) studied this question.
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