A Comprehensive Overview of Virus-Mediated Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles

Virus-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is an emerging and eco-friendly approach that leverages the biotemplating ability of viruses for controlled nanoparticle formation. Unlike conventional chemical and physical synthesis methods, this biogenic approach utilizes viruses as scaffolds and reducing agents to facilitate AgNP nucleation and growth. Various viruses, including plant viruses (e.g., Tobacco mosaic virus), bacteriophages (e.g., M13 phage), and animal viruses (e.g., Influenza virus), have been explored for their ability to template AgNPs with precise size and morphology. This method offers several advantages, including enhanced monodispersity, biocompatibility, and sustainability. Virus-templated AgNPs find applications in diverse fields, such as antimicrobial treatments, biosensing, catalysis, and nanoelectronics. However, challenges related to scalability, stability, and biosafety must be addressed to enable widespread industrial and biomedical applications. This article provides a comprehensive overview of virus-mediated AgNP synthesis, discussing its mechanisms, advantages, challenges, and future prospects.