Source Discrimination of Mine Water Inrush Based on UV–Vis Spectroscopy and Dual-Optimized CNN Model: A Case Study of the Baode Mine

Mine water hazards are one of the main factors limiting the safe and efficient extraction of coal resources in China. The rapid and accurate identification of the source of water inrushes is central to the prevention and control of mine water hazards. This study aims to address the issues of complex pre-treatment procedures and low accuracy in identifying mixed water samples associated with traditional methods for determining the source of mine water inrushes. This study proposes an intelligent model for identifying the source of mine water inrushes that integrates ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry (UV–Vis) with convolutional neural networks (CNNs). This model utilizes convolutional neural networks to automatically extract features from and classify spectral images of water sources associated with mine water inrushes, eliminating the cumbersome pre-processing steps involved in traditional spectral source analysis and significantly improving the efficiency of water source identification. The CNN is used to classify and identify the mine water spectral images measured by UV–Vis. The model training results showed that the accuracy of the model was 98.89%, 95.93%, and 90.67% for the training sets of single water samples, mixed water samples, and overall water samples, respectively. The test results indicated that the model was accurate for all the water samples in the test set, and the UV-CNN model had better classification recognition ability for complex mixed water samples compared with the water chemistry-based kernel function principal component analysis and support vector machine (KPCA-SVM) discrimination model. When the characteristics of water samples are relatively similar, the discriminative advantage of the model becomes more prominent. This model has the features of fast convergence speed, short computing time, high discriminative accuracy and stability, and can provide an efficient technical method for the rapid and accurate identification of the water source of mine water inrush.