An exploratory study of criticism realization strategies used by NS and NNS of New Zealand English

This study explores how a group of learners of English as a second language (ESL) criticize in everyday situations compared to the native speaker (NS) with a view to expanding the range of speech acts under inquiry in the interlanguage pragmatics (ILP) literature. Data were collected from five NSs of New Zealand English and five intermediate learners, with mixed first languages, via eight role-play situations. Findings show that the learners criticized in significantly different ways from the NSs. Unlike the NSs, who made regular use of all strategies, the learners relied predominantly on direct criticism and requests for change. The learners also opted out for different reasons than the NSs in those situations where both groups found criticizing inappropriate, and varied their pragmatic choices less considerably according to context. Furthermore, where learners used the same strategy as the NSs, they differed greatly in their choice of semantic formulas and mitigating devices.