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It is observed that degradation of organic bulk heterojunction is directly associated with degradation of solvent additive, 1,8-diiodooctane. The iodide impurities released from 1,8-diiodooctane react with fullerenes, making fullerene-iodide intermediate compounds which lead to fullerene oxidation and efficiency drop, irrespective of photooxidation of polymer in polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunctions. Replacing the additive with an iodine-free reagent significantly elongates a device lifetime.
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Lee et al. (2016) studied this question.
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