Avocado Oil Prevents Kidney Injury and Normalizes Renal Vasodilation after Adrenergic Stimulation in Hypertensive Rats: Probable Role of Improvement in Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress

Figures

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  Figure 1. Effects of avocado oil (AO) or prazosin (PZS) on systolic (A) and diastolic (B) blood pressure of hypertensive rats (HT). Blood pressure was measured three days before the end of the treatments. The data are expressed as the mean ± s.e. of n ≥ 6. Statistical significances: # p > 0.05 vs. CTRL; § p < 0.05 vs. CTRL+AO; ¶ p < 0.05 vs. HT (one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s post hoc test).

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  Figure 2. Effects of avocado oil (AO) or prazosin (PZS) on renal adrenergic vasoconstriction (A) and recovery time to basal perfusion pressure after adrenergic vasoconstriction (B). The data are expressed as the mean ± s.e. of n ≥ 6. Statistical significances: * CTRL vs. HT; # CTRL vs. HT+PZS; & HT vs. HT+AO; + HT vs. HT+PZS; ? HT+AO vs. HT+PZS (one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s post hoc test [p < 0.05]).

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  Figure 3. Effect of avocado oil (AO) or prazosin (PZS) on renal endothelium-dependent vasodilation after the vasoconstriction induced by phenylephrine. The data are expressed as the mean ± s.e. of n ≥ 4. Statistical significances: * CTRL vs. HT; # HT vs. HT+PZS; & HT vs. HT+AO (One-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. [p < 0.05]).

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  Figure 4. Effects of rotenone on renal muscarinic vasodilation after the vasoconstriction induced by phenylephrine in rats treated with avocado oil (AO) or prazosin (PZS). The data are expressed as the mean ± s.e. n ≥ 4. * p < 0.05 vs. HT group without rotenone (-) (Student’s t-test).

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  Figure 5. Effects of avocado oil (AO) or prazosin (PZS) on mitochondrial oxidative stress in kidney of hypertensive (HT) rats. (A) ROS levels in isolated mitochondria fueled in the complex I of the electron transport chain with glutamate/malate. (B) Reduced-to-oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH/GSSG) in isolated kidney mitochondria. The data are expressed as the mean ± s.e. of n ≥ 3. Statistical significances: # p > 0.05 vs. CTRL; § p < 0.05 vs. CTRL+AO; ¶ p < 0.05 vs. HT (One-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s post hoc test).

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  Figure 6. Effects of avocado oil (AO) or prazosin (PZS) on respiratory control ratio (RCR) of kidney mitochondria from hypertensive (HT) rats, treated with avocado oil (AO) or prazosin (PZS). Mitochondrial respiration was fueled in the complex I with glutamate/malate (A) or in the complex II with succinate (B). The data are expressed as the mean ± s.e. of n ≥ 4. Statistical significances: # p > 0.05 vs. CTRL; ¶ p < 0.05 vs. HT (One-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s post hoc test).

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  Figure 7. Effects of avocado oil (AO) or prazosin (PZS) on the renal architecture of hypertensive (HT) rats. Kidney sections were stained with hematoxylin & eosin and observed at 20×. B: Bowman’s capsule; D: Distal convoluted tubule; G: Glomerulus; P; Proximal convoluted tubule. Images are representative of four independent observations using different kidney samples.