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Samples of groundwater, surface water, secondary effluent, and fulvic acid were treated in laboratory experiments by alum coagulation and lime softening in conjunction with prechlorination and postchlorination. Coagulation and softening both removed significant amounts of nonvolatile organic chlorine, precursors of organic chlorine, and total organic carbon (TOC). Organic chlorine precursors were removed as well as or better than TOC and much better than the organic chlorine formed during prechlorination. The increase in pH during lime treatment hydrolyzed a significant fraction of the nonvolatile organic chlorine, releasing chloroform and other by‐products.
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Johnson et al. (1983) studied this question.
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