Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Spinal Cord Monitoring—A Roadmap to Translational Research in Aortic Medicine

Figures

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  Fig. 1. The paraspinal collateral network (CN)—( A ) schematic illustration of the CN (collateral network; image modified from von Aspern et al 1 ), ( B ) illustration of spinal cord blood supply from the dorsal segmental artery feeders (image modified from Khachatryan et al 8 ), ( C ) illustration of the paraspinal CN in relation to the upper thoracic and lower lumbar inflow (image modified from Khachatryan et al 8 ).

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  Fig. 2. Near-infrared spectroscopy of the collateral network (cnNIRS). ( Left ) illustration of conventional bilateral optode placement pattern (thoracic and lumbar; image modified from Etz et al 26 ). ( Asterisk ) cerebrospinal fluid drainage; ( Right ) illustration of cnNIRS optodes with regard to the paraspinal collateral network (image modified from von Aspern et al 21 ). CN = collateral network.

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  Fig. 3. Image illustrating the rationale for noninvasive near-infrared spectroscopy monitoring of the collateral network (cnNIRS). The assumption is that oxygenation in the paraspinal collateral network compartment reflects spinal cord tissue oxygenation in real time. (Image modified from Bischoff et al 27 ).

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  Fig. 4. Intraprocedural real-time lumbar near-infrared spectroscopy of the collateral network (cnNIRS) measurements after occlusion of a left- ( red lines ) and right-sided ( blue lines ) lumbar segmental artery (SA), arrows indicate moment of separate SA coil embolization.