Positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) is shown to be one of the effective modern methods to determine sizes of nano-objects (vacancies and vacancy clusters), free volumes of pores, cavities, voids, and their concentrations and chemical compositions in nanomaterials and porous systems. A brief review is given of experimental studies on nanodefects in proton irradiated porous silicon, silicon, and quartz single crystals.
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Графутин et al. (2009) studied this question.
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