Coronary Artery Disease in Women:

In the United States, coronary artery disease (CAD) kills equal numbers of men and women, and is the leading cause of death in women. Except at the oldest ages, the prevalence of disease is lower in women than in men. This low prevalence decreases the accuracy of all noninvasive testing methods, making the noninvasive diagnosis of CAD in women more difficult. Perhaps because of this increased difficulty in diagnosis and the prognosis of women with angina has been perceived to be "benign," invasive testing has been used less often in women. Since the morbidity and mortality are greater in women compared with men with manifest CAD (i.e., myocardial infarction and coronary artery bypass grafting), an understanding of the strengths and limitations of noninvasive testing in women is critical. Due to the lower prevalence of CAD in women, symptoms of CAD (i.e., chest pain) and noninvasive tests (graded exercise treadmill) are less reliable with lower positive predictive values. Recent studies suggest using imaging techniques to improve the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of noninvasive testing. This article will review the current literature regarding noninvasive diagnosis of CAD in women, including the use of stress echocardiography and thallium imaging in women. Detailed statistical descriptions of study populations are necessary so that study results can be accurately applied and interpreted in the general population.