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Framework analysis reveals direct citizen engagement strengthens civic efficacy and institutional trust, suggesting a structural alternative to traditional representative political systems.
This paper outlines the systemic transition from representative political models to the Direct Participatory Political System. By addressing the structural failure of traditional representation, this work demonstrates how direct citizen engagement fosters civic efficacy, institutional trust, and fiscal sustainability. Drawing upon recent empirical and theoretical literature, this study presents an integrated framework for direct participatory governance.
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Launi merengue (2026) studied this question.
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