Endothelitis profile in acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock patients: Endocan as a potential novel biomarker and putative therapeutic target

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. Serum endocan (A,C) and urinary endocan (B) concentrations at admission in controls, CS and AHF patients. Results are presented in Box-and-Whiskers plot. AHF, acute heart failure; CS, cardiogenic shock; S-Endocan, serum endocan; U-Endocan, urinary endocan.

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  FIGURE 2. Serum (A, B) and urinary endocan (C, D) at days 1–2, days 3–4 and 5–8 in patients with AHF or with CS. Results are presented in Box-and-Whiskers plot. AHF, acute heart failure; CS, cardiogenic shock; S-Endocan, serum endocan; U-Endocan, urinary endocan.

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  FIGURE 3. Admission values of biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and inflammation in controls, AHF and CS: (A) S-ICAM-1; (B) S-VCAM-1); (C) S-E-Selectin; (D) S-IL-6; (E) S-IL-1β; (F) S-TNF-α; (G) S-CRP. Results are presented in Box-and-Whiskers plot. AHF, acute heart failure; CS, cardiogenic shock; S-CRP, serum C-reactive protein; S-E-Selectin, serum E-Selectin; S-ICAM-1, serum intercellular adhesion molecule 1; S-IL-1β, serum interleukin 1β; S-IL-6, serum interleukin 6; S-TNF-α, serum tumour necrosis factor alpha; S-VCAM-1, serum vascular cell adhesion molecule 1.

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  FIGURE 4. Evolution of biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction in AHF and CS patients during hospitalization: (A,B) S-ICAM-1; (C,D) S-VCAM-1); (E,F) S-E-Selectin. Results are presented in Box-and-Whiskers plot. AHF, acute heart failure; CS, cardiogenic shock; S-E-Selectin, serum E-Selectin; S-ICAM-1, serum intercellular adhesion molecule 1; S-VCAM-1, serum vascular cell adhesion molecule 1.

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  FIGURE 5. Evolution of biomarkers of inflammation in AHF and CS patients during hospitalization: (A,B) S-IL-6; (C,D) S-IL-1β; (E,F) S-TNF-α; (G,H) S-CRP. Results are presented in Box-and-Whiskers plot. AHF, acute heart failure; CS, cardiogenic shock; S-CRP, serum C-reactive protein; S-IL-1β, serum interleukin 1β; S-IL-6, serum interleukin 6; S-TNF-α, serum tumour necrosis factor alpha.

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  FIGURE 6. Spearman correlations for serum endocan in all patients at admission: (A) S-Endocan vs. S-VCAM-1; (B) S-Endocan vs. S-IL-6; (C) S-Endocan vs. S-CRP; (D) S-Endocan vs. S-SBP; (E) S-Endocan vs. DBP; (F) S-Endocan vs. APACHE II; (G) S-Endocan vs. SAPS II. APACHE II, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SAPS II, simplified acute physiology score (SAPS) II; SBP, systolic blood pressure; S-Endocan, serum endocan; S-CRP, serum C-reactive protein; S-IL-6, serum interleukin 6; S-VCAM-1, serum vascular cell adhesion molecule 1.

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  FIGURE 7. Spearman correlations for urinary endocan in all patients at admission: (A) U-Endocan vs. S-IL-6; (B) U-Endocan vs. S-TNF-α; (C) U-Endocan vs. U-protein/creatinine. S-IL-6, serum interleukin 6; S-TNF-α, serum tumour necrosis factor alpha; U-Endocan, urinary endocan; U-protein/creatinine, urinary protein/creatinine.

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  FIGURE 8. Serum endocan (A) and VCAM-1 (B) stratified by left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Preserved LVEF: LVEF ≥50%; mildly reduced LVEF: LVEF 41–49%; reduced LVEF: LVEF ≤40%. Results are presented in Box-and-Whiskers plot. S-Endocan, serum endocan; S-VCAM-1, serum vascular cell adhesion molecule 1.