Highlighting Exosomes’ Function in Cardiovascular Diseases

Figures

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  Fig. (1). Exosomes biogenesis. The process begins with membrane invagination. Next, the less cholesterol enriched membrane will go on the lysosomal pathway, while the more cholesterol enriched membrane will go on the exosomal pathway. The more cholesterol enriched membrane formed will be filled with smaller membranes (exosomes) and different cargos, including miRNA, lipid, and protein. The sorting process of lipid and protein remains unknown. On the other hand, miRNA is sorted with the help of RNA binding protein (RBP), membrane protein (MP), ESCRT, and 3’-end of the miRNA sequence-dependent pathway. Membrane protein can sort the miRNA directly and indirectly (by affecting RBP levels). The indirect sorting process by membrane protein was done by Caveolin-1, which affected the level of hnRNP. The multivesicular bodies (MVB) will then go on maturation through acidification. Finally, the membrane of MVB will fuse with the cell membrane and release exosomes. (A higher resolution / colour version of this figure is available in the electronic copy of the article) .

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  Fig. (2). The summary of exosomes’ potential as a therapeutic agent in cardiovascular diseases. (A higher resolution / colour version of this figure is available in the electronic copy of the article).