Design of antiresonant-reflecting optical waveguide-type vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers using transfer matrix method

A simple transfer matrix method is proposed to calculate the radiation losses of a cylindrical antiresonant-reflecting optical waveguide (ARROW). It is found that the planar approximation underestimates the radiation losses but overestimates the design tolerance of the ARROW-type vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs). An iteration technique, which is incorporated with the transfer matrix method, is also developed to design ARROW-type VCSELs for minimum radiation losses in a more effective manner.