The work function of Na-deposited TiO2(110) surfaces was mapped using a Kelvin probe force microscope (KPFM). Individual Na adatoms were identified as topographic protrusions on atomically flat terraces of the TiO2 surface. The work function locally decreased by 0.1–0.5 eV on each adatom. The observed modulations of work function were interpreted with the electric permanent dipole moment caused by the electron transfer from the adatom to the substrate.
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Sasahara et al. (2004) studied this question.
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