Interventional Treatment of Arterial Hypertension in The Modern Era: An Updated Review from the Young Investigator Group of the European Society of Hypertension

Achievement of blood pressure targets in hypertensive patients is a challenge for clinicians despite the different classes of drugs currently available. For this reason, taking advantage of the technological progress, new interventional strategies have been proposed. Each of these approaches acts on autonomic and vascular regulation, critical components of hypertension pathophysiology with the aim to recalibrate aberrant sympathetic activation and vascular dysfunction. Renal artery denervation is the only modality currently supported by guideline recommendations in selected patients. Baroreflex activation therapy, and carotid body modulation, thanks to good experimental results, are under evaluation as promising strategies. Concurrently, newer modalities, such as deep brain stimulation, cardiac neuromodulation, and arteriovenous shunts, are emerging with promising early data. The present narrative review provides an overview of interventional treatments for hypertension, describing their efficacy, mechanism of action, safety, and side effects. As clinical research progresses, there is the possibility that these techniques will emerge as promising treatment options for patients with resistant hypertension in the near future.