An Exploratory Study of the Transferability of Smart Mobility Solutions Across Seven European Mobility Living Labs: Towards an Interoperability and Governance Framework

Smart city mobility systems face a persistent gap between digital innovation and large-scale deployment. While Mobility-as-a-Service platforms and Mobility Living Labs have generated promising local solutions, transferring these solutions across cities remains constrained by data fragmentation, proprietary platforms, and divergent governance frameworks. This study proposes and operationalizes a policy-oriented framework for assessing the transferability of smart mobility solutions across urban contexts, drawing on the GEMINI project spanning seven European cities: Amsterdam, Copenhagen, Helsinki, Munich, Paris-Saclay, Porto, and Turin. A structured dataset covering application features, interoperability characteristics, technical specifications, and implementation challenges was developed and analysed using comparative indicators including Ease of integration, interoperability level, and replication potential. The results demonstrate that transferability depends on the interaction of technical, governance, and institutional conditions rather than technical compatibility alone. Applications built on open standards and modular architectures show significantly higher replication potential, while legacy systems, fragmented governance structures, and restrictive data-sharing arrangements remain the most persistent barriers. To operationalize the framework, a web-based Knowledge Hub was developed and deployed as a live decision-support platform, currently serving all seven Mobility Living Labs and openly accessible to cities across Europe. The framework offers a replicable model for smart city mobility governance.