Overlap and Obstacles in Decision-Making Across Scientific, Indigenous and Local Knowledge Systems

In this exploratory review and conceptual analysis, we examine cases and debates in the theoretical literature that highlight biodiversity and conservation decision-making contexts in which knowledge systems, and their interactions or lack thereof, are central concerns. A review of scientific articles indexed in the Web of Science reveals a notable trend in the conservation literature: the growing prominence of knowledge systems, particularly Indigenous knowledge systems. Framing knowledge as systems, we suggest, draws attention to both differences and similarities among scientific, Indigenous, and local forms of knowledge. Such discussions are increasingly common in the literature, including recent IPCC and IPBES reports. Against this backdrop, the present paper explores the potential role of multiple knowledge systems in identifying and, where possible, addressing knowledge gaps relevant to biodiversity conservation and environmental decision-making. The paper distinguishes between epistemic and non-epistemic motivations for including different knowledge systems and offers conceptual tools for clarifying both their internal structure and the relationships through which knowledge exchange occurs. Rather than advocating full integration, we argue that selective overlap and dialogical interaction may provide more practical pathways towards inclusive and evidence-informed decision-making. By focusing on how different knowledge systems can contribute to filling specific knowledge gaps, the paper seeks to advance a more nuanced understanding of their role in conservation policy and practice.