Characterizing morphological alterations in blood related disorders through Atomic Force Microscopy

Figures

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  Figure 1. Working principle of atomic force microscopy. Reproduced with permission from Springer 2018 36.

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  Figure 2. Surface morphology of leukocytes (A) from healthy individuals (B) from chronic leukaemia patients obtained using AFM. Reproduced with permission from Medical University Publishing House Craiova 2013 38.

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  Figure 3. Leukocyte surface from chronic leukemia individual with protruding λFLC visualized using AFM. Reproduced with permission from Biochemical Society 2013 41.

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  Figure 4. (A) Geometrical characteristics of (a) healthy RBC and (b) pre-diabetic erythrocyte. Distinct, balloon-like structure of the RBC of the diabetic patient (c) clinging and (d) adhering of cells among themselves. Erythrocyte cell membrane AFM images of (e) healthy (f) pre-diabetic and (h) diabetic (Scan size is 900 × 900 nm). Reproduced with permission from MDPI 2018 45. (B) (a) Simulations of increasing force exerted on the top of healthy doublet (b) critical force positively correlated with interactive vertex ratio. This corresponds to the fibrinogen concentration level. Reproduced with permission from Cell Press 2020 46.

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  Figure 5. Compared AFM topographic images from healthy individuals, HS individuals pre-splenectomy, and HS individuals post-splenectomy. (A) single erythrocytes, (B) height profile of the same erythrocyte (C) 3D model of the same erythrocyte (D) Surface ultrastructures of the corresponding erythrocytes. Scan area: (A, B, and C) 10 µm x 10 µm; (D) 1 µm x 1 µm. Reproduced with permission from Springer 2016 75.

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  Figure 6. AFM images of erythrocytes of (a) control and (b) COVID-19 affected cells. (c) Distribution of the cells concerning the parameter of diameter and height for both diameter and height. (d) Box plots of the diameter of cell. Reproduced with permission from SciELO 2023 87.

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  Figure 7. Detection of EV by AFM in air. (A) 6.6 × 6.6 μm2 large scaled AFM image. (B) Distribution of size; (C) High resolution AFM image of a single exosome (129 × 129 nm2) and (D) single exomeres; (E, F) Deformation; (G, H) adhesion forces. Reproduced with permission from MDPI 2020 90.

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  Figure 8. Detection of EVs in liquid using AFM. (A) 2 x 2 µm2 image; (B) Distribution of size (n=207-254); (C) High resolution image of a single exosome (129 x 129 nm2); (D) Aggregates of single exomere; (E, F) Parameters of deformation; (G, H) Forces of adhesion; (I, J) Young's modulus. Reproduced with permission from MDPI 2020 90.