Optimization of the piezoelectric response of 0–3 composites: a modeling approach

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Finite element modeling is used in this study to optimize the electromechanical behavior of 0–3 composites according to the material properties of their constituents. Our modeling approach considers an ‘extended’ 2D representative volume element (RVE) with randomly dispersed piezoelectric particles. A variable distribution of their polarization axes is also implemented because a full periodic arrangement of fillers and a unique poling orientation are unrealistic in practice. Comparisons with a simpler RVE and with an analytical model based on the Mori–Tanaka approach are performed as a function of the particle concentration for the elastic, dielectric and piezoelectric homogenized properties. An optimization of the piezoelectric response of 0–3 composites according to material considerations is then computed, allowing it to be shown that the piezoelectric strain coefficient is not the only relevant parameter and that lead-free piezoelectric fillers such as LiNbO 3 and ZnO are competitive alternatives. Finally, the piezoelectric responses of 0–3 composites with different filler arrangements are quantitatively compared to 1–3 composites and to the corresponding bulk material.