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Vietnam has no threats but multiple stakes at risk in the South China Sea. It is interested in not only defending sovereignty and rights under UNCLOS 1982 but also preserving peace, stability and good relations with its neighbours. As a result, Hanoi has adopted a complex set of risk management measures to reduce the possibility of war and losses if a contingency occurs.
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Đỗ Thanh Hải (2021) studied this question.
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