MIXED CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER IN A DOUBLE LID-DRIVEN INCLINED SQUARE ENCLOSURE SUBJECTED TO Cu-WATER NANOFLUID WITH PARTICLE DIAMETER OF 90 nm

In this article, mixed convection flow in a two-sided lid-driven cavity at different inclination angles filled with Cu−water nanofluid (with diameter of 90 nm) is studied numerically using the finite volume method. For different values of solid volume fraction of nanoparticles, flow is induced by the top and right-hand sidewalls sliding at constant speed. The left-hand sidewall is kept constant at higher temperature (Th), while the right moving wall is maintained at a lower temperature (Tc), thereby introducing natural convection. In this study, bottom and top walls were assumed isolated; Richardson number ranged from 0.001 to 10, nanoparticles solid volume fraction (φ) up to 0.06 were investigated, and cavity inclination angle from 0° to 90° was considered and the Grashof number was set to 104. The influence of inclination angle and φ of the nanofluids on hydrodynamic and thermal characteristics is discussed. The results indicated that increase in φ for a constant Ri enhances heat transfer. Also, heat transfer was increased as Ri was decreased for a particular φ. Moreover, where natural convection is dominant (i.e., higher Ri), the flow form seems to be influenced more by φ.