Establishing valid criteria for assessing transversal competencies in aircraft maintenance education: a Delphi study

Global aircraft maintenance education and licensing standards are transitioning from theory- and time-based models to competency-based training and assessment (CBTA). Going beyond mere technical knowledge and skills, CBTA requires valid assessment of transversal competencies such as communication, teamwork and work management. Yet, defining measurable and standardized assessment criteria remains challenging. This study proposes a framework to operationalise transversal competencies into performance-based standards using a four-round Delphi study with 22 international aircraft maintenance experts. The study also positions aircraft maintenance license education within the European Qualifications Framework (EQF). Results indicate that education should be provided at minimally EQF Level four, with elements at Level five. Additionally, for the most crucial and difficult transversal competencies and associated observable behaviours, the study specifies assessment contexts and performance levels, reaching between 81% and 100% expert agreement. The consensus-based results address a key gap in aircraft maintenance education and supports international standardisation for consistent practice worldwide.