Bridging agricultural extension education and employability: A modified Delphi study of graduate competencies in Bangladesh

Agricultural extension systems are evolving towards more knowledge-intensive, digital, and market-oriented models, requiring graduates to possess technical, analytical, and interpersonal competencies. In Bangladesh, persistent unemployment among extension graduates indicates a gap between university training and labor market demands. This study identified and prioritized the knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs) required for extension graduates in Bangladesh to succeed in contemporary employment contexts. Using a modified Delphi method, 84 stakeholders, including university faculty, graduate students, and employers participated in three rounds of data collection to develop consensus on essential competencies. Findings revealed strong consensus on digital literacy, data management, innovation diffusion, extension program management, and communication skills. Differences across stakeholder groups highlighted a disconnect between academic preparation and employer expectations, particularly regarding market-oriented and applied competencies. Findings suggested that agricultural universities should adopt competency-based curricula, strengthen experiential learning opportunities, and develop stronger university-industry partnerships to improve graduate employability and support the evolving role of agricultural extension systems in Bangladesh.