Non-circular cross-section forq=1 magnetic surfaces were experimentally shown in stable very low-qdischarge (qa2;qais the safety factor at the plasma surface) of DIVA tokamak with and without a divertor. Heat flux to the first wall due to the sawtooth disruption in low-qdischarge will become a serious problem in future large tokamak if sawtooth disruption cannot be suppressed.
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Yamamoto et al. (1980) studied this question.
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