Serum and Erythrocyte Antioxidant Defense in Colorectal Cancer Patients during Early Postoperative Period: Potential Modifiers and Impact on Clinical Outcomes

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  Figure 2. The level of serum antioxidant capacity in colorectal cancer patients during early postoperative period: (a) FRAP and (b) TAC. Data presented as medians with 95% confidence interval and analyzed using Friedman test. Significant (p < 0.05) differences between individual time-points are indicated by symbols of the same type (*, ^, #, +, ∍). Preop, preoperative; 8 h, 8 h post-incision; 24 h, 24 h post-incision; 72 h, 72 h post-incision. Of the modifiers evaluated using two-factor repeated measures ANOVA, the dynamics of FRAP were affected by the patient’s age (Figure 3a), health status (Figure 3b), and body mass index (Figure 3c). Regarding age, higher initial increase was observed in older than younger patients (Δ8h/0: 1.4-fold vs. 1.1-fold, p = 0.015). FRAP increased after 24 h as compared to baseline (Δ24h/0) in ASA3 and not ASA1/2 patients (1.5-fold vs. 1.0, p = 0.008). Regarding BMI, higher initial increase was found in overweight/obese patients than those with BMI < 25 (Δ8h/0: 1.4-fold vs. 1.1-fold, p = 0.018). The detailed results for all analyzed factors with significance of between- and within-subject effects and their interaction are presented in Supplementary Materials,…

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  Figure 1. Effect of health condition expressed in terms of ASA score on serum antioxidant capacity measured with FRAP assay in patients with colorectal cancer. Data presented as means with 95% confidence intervals (orange squares with whiskers) and analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Student–Newman–Keuls post-hoc test. Statistically significant differences between groups marked by symbols of the same type (*, #, ^).

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  Figure 3. Effect of patient-related factors on FRAP time-course: (a) age; (b) the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification system; and (c) body mass index (BMI). Data analyzed using two-factor repeated measures ANOVA following log-transformation and presented as medians with 95% confidence interval. Preop, preoperative; 8 h, 8 h post-incision; 24 h, 24 h post-incision; 72 h, 72 h post-incision.

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  Figure 4. Association between the time-course of TAC and clinical data: (a) extent of surgery and (b) postoperative ileus. Data analyzed using two-factor repeated measures ANOVA following log-transformation and presented as medians with 95% confidence interval. Preop, preoperative; 8 h, 8 h post-incision; 24 h, 24 h post-incision; 72 h, 72 h post-incision; LN, lymph nodes; RoBF, restoration of bowel function.

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  Figure 5. The activity of erythrocyte antioxidants in colorectal cancer patients during the early postoperative period: (a) superoxide anion dismutase (SOD) and (b) glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Data presented as means with 95% confidence interval and analyzed using ANOVA on repeated measures. Significant (p < 0.05) differences between individual time-points are indicated by asterisks (*). Preop, preoperative; 8 h, 8 h post-incision; 24 h, 24 h post-incision; 72 h, 72 h post-incision.

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  Figure 6. The association of SOD time-course with patient- and disease-related factors and clinical outcomes: (a) the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification system; (b) cancer TNM stage; (c) presence of distant metastases (stage M); (d) anastomotic leak (AL); and (e) delayed restoration of bowel function (RoBF). Data analyzed using two-factor repeated measures ANOVA and presented as means with 95% confidence interval. Preop, preoperative; 8 h, 8 h post-incision; 24 h, 24 h post-incision; 72 h, 72 h post-incision.

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  Figure 7. Effect of patient- and disease-related factors on GPx time-course: (a) the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification system; (b) tumor histological grade (G); and (c) distant metastases (stage M). Data analyzed using two-factor repeated measures ANOVA and presented as means with 95% confidence interval. Preop, preoperative; 8 h, 8 h post-incision; 24 h, 24 h post-incision; 72 h, 72 h post-incision.

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  Figure 8. Interrelationship between SOD and GPx activities during perioperative period: (a) prior operation; (b) at 8 h post-incision; (c) at 24 h post-incision; and (d) at 72 h post-incision. Data analyzed using Pearson correlation test and presented as correlation coefficient (r).