Targeting Phosphatidylserine on Apoptotic Cells with Phages and Peptides Selected from a Bacteriophage Display Library

Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a well-characterized biomarker for apoptosis. Ligands that bind to PS can be used for noninvasive imaging of therapy-induced cell death, particularly apoptosis. In this study, we screened a random 12-mer peptide phage library on liposomes prepared from PS. One clone displaying the peptide SVSVGMKPSPRP (designated as PS3-10) bound to PS approximately 4-fold better than its binding to phosphatidylcholine and 18-fold better than to bovine serum albumin in a solid-phase binding assay. In addition, the binding of the corresponding PS3-10 peptide to PS was significantly higher than that of a scrambled peptide. PS3-10 phages, but not a control 4-2-2 phage, bound to aged red blood cells that had PS exposed on their surface. Binding of PS3-10 phages and PS3-10 peptide to TRAIL-induced apoptotic DLD1 cells was 3.2 and 5.4 times higher than their binding to untreated viable cells, respectively. Significantly, immunohistochemical staining confirmed selective binding of PS3-10 phages to apoptotic cells. Our data suggest that panning of phage display libraries may allow the selection of suitable peptide ligands for apoptotic cells and that PS3-10 peptide may serve as a template for further development of molecular probes for in vitro and in vivo imaging of apoptosis.