Proton displacement damage in light-emitting and laser diodes

The effects of proton displacement damage on light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes are discussed, comparing the radiation sensitivity of current technology devices with older devices for which data exist in the literature. Injection-enhanced annealing is discussed, along with the issue of energy dependence of proton displacement damage. New characterization methods are proposed for light-emitting diodes that complement measurement of light output and provide a better indication of nonradiative recombination centers.