Synthesis, identification and cytotoxic activity of a graphene oxide-based conjugates

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The article is devoted to synthesis, identification and investigation of cytotoxicity for graphene oxide (GO) conjugate with cytostatic agents such as SN38 (7-Ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin, (4S)-4,11-Diethyl-4,9-dihydroxy-1,4-dihydro-3H,14H-pyrano[3′,4′:6,7]indolizino[1,2-b]quinoline-3,14-dione) and Exatecan mesylate (ExMes, (1S,9S)-9-Ethyl-5-fluoro-9-hydroxy-4-methyl-10,13-dioxo-2,3,9,10,13,15-hexahydro-1H,12H-benzopyrano[3′,4′:6,7]indolizino[1,2-b]quinoline-1-amine methanesulfonate). GO was synthesized via a modified Hummers and Offeman method, resulting in the production of GO enriched with oxygen-containing functional groups. The obtained nanomaterial was covalently functionalized with cytostatic agents and characterized using 13C Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Raman and Infrared (IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and Dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques for aqueous dispersions. The biocompatibility assessment included an evaluation of cytotoxicity toward PANC-1, HeLa, and HEK293 cell lines, as well as study of mechanisms of endocytosis.