LEED studies on the polar surfaces of ZnO showed a rather stable (1 × 1) pattern on both the surfaces when cleaved in ultra high vacuum at liquid nitrogen temperature or at room temperature; on those surfaces the stability criterion is verified by an intrinsic surface state mechanism. Preannealing of real surfaces in oxygen (6 h, 600 °C, 760 Torr) causes a (√3 × √3) pattern; on the (0001) surfaces oxygen is chemisorbed while on the (0001) faces it takes part in stabilising the surface. The electrostatic surface energy of this upper layer of oxygen is calculated to be 0.071 Z2 e2/a.
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Hove et al. (1972) studied this question.
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