A national standard of low background irradiance from 1 W/m2 to 10-3 W/m2 has been created at the Research Institute for Optophysical Measurements (VNIIOFI, Moscow). The standard is based on a cryogenic radiometer and a low temperature black body (LTBB) variable in temperature from 80 K to 300 K.
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Morozova et al. (1993) studied this question.
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