The Cumulative Atherogenic Index of Plasma Exposure in Carotid Plaque

Figure 1. Flowchart of Study Participants AIP = atherogenic index of plasma.

Central Illustration. Association Between Cumulative AIP Exposure and Carotid Plaque AIP = atherogenic index of plasma.

Figure 2. Dose–Response Relationship of CumAIP With Carotid Plaque Multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios for carotid plaque based on restricted cubic spines with 3 knots placed at the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles of cumulative AIP. The solid line and blue area represent the hazard ratios and 95% CIs, respectively. Adjusted for sex, age, smoking status, drinking status, physical activity level, body mass index, C-reactive protein, uric acid, estimated glomerular filtration rate, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus at baseline, and cumulative low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Abbreviations as in Figure 1.

Figure 3. Population-Attributable Fractions for Carotid Plaque Associated With AIP Indices (A) CumAIP, (B) Cumulative burden of AIP, (C) Duration of high AIP exposure, (D) Time course of cumAIP accumulation Error bars indicate 95% CIs. Population attributable fractions below 0 were truncated at 0. Adjusted for sex, age, smoking status, drinking status, physical activity level, body mass index, C-reactive protein, uric acid, estimated glomerular filtration rate, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus at baseline, and cumulative low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. CumAIP = cumulative AIP; other abbreviations as in Figure 1.

Figure 4. Subgroup Analyses for AIP Indices With Carotid Plaque Risk Adjusted for sex, age, smoking status, drinking status, physical activity level, BMI, C-reactive protein, uric acid, estimated glomerular filtration rate, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus at baseline and cumulative low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. (A-D) Show the associations between four different AIP indices and the outcome in subgroups: (A) Cumulative AIP, representing the total exposure to the atherogenic index of plasma over time; (B) Cumulative burden of AIP, indicating the burden resulting from elevated AIP levels; (C) Duration of high AIP exposure, reflecting the length of time AIP remained at high levels; (D) Time course of cumulative AIP (cumAIP) accumulation, illustrating the accumulation trajectory of cumAIP during the follow-up period. BMI = body mass index; CumLDL-C burden = cumulative burden of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG = triglyceride; other abbreviations as in Figures 1 and 3.