Sex-Based Differences in Outcomes of Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement: A Meta-Analysis with Reconstructed Time-to-Event Data

Figures

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  Figure 1. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flowchart for the systematic review. Sequential steps of study search and triage from databases, with reasons for exclusion. TAVI, transcatheter aortic valve implantation.

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  Figure 2. Forest plots comparing the risk of short-term outcomes between male and female patients: (A) mortality; (B) operative mortality; (C) blood product use; (D) acute kidney injury; (E) transient ischemic attack; (F) stroke; (G) permanent pacemaker implantation; (H) bleeding; and (I) short-term reoperation. (J) Forest plot comparing the difference in mean prosthesis size. CI, confidence interval; IV, inverse variance; RR, risk ratio; SD, standard deviation.

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  Figure 3. Kaplan-Meier curves for the cumulative incidence of events in male and female patients, for the following outcomes: (A) all-cause mortality, showing a lower hazard in female patients; (B) stroke; (C) major bleeding; and (D) reoperation, showing a lower hazard in female patients. CI, confidence interval; HR, hazards ratio.

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  Figure 4. Survival analysis. (A) Time-dependent hazard ratio function. (B) Time-dependent difference in restricted mean survival time (RMST). (C) Hazard function in female patients. (D) Hazard function in male patients.

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  Figure 5. “Traffic light” plot. Risk-of-bias analysis of included studies using the Cochrane tool for assessing risk of bias in nonrandomized studies (ROBINS-I).

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  Central Illustration. Summary of the research question, methodology, and main findings. (A) Background of the study, with the question, methods, and results. (B) Short-term endpoints (in-hospital or at 30 days). (C) Kaplan-Meier curve for long-term mortality comparing male patients (blue line) and female patients (red line). CI, confidence interval; HR, hazards ratio; RR, risk ratio.