Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Modifies the Impact of Glucose on Arterial Aging in A Sex-Specific Manner

Figures

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  Figure 1. CONSORT‐style flow diagram describing study population and follow‐up completion. G6PD indicates glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase; M, men; PWV, pulse‐wave velocity; and W, women.

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  Figure 2. Smoothed trajectories of PWV in men and women. Solid lines represent participants with normal glucose levels and without G6PDdef. Dashed lined represent participants with normal glucose levels and with G6PDdef. Dotted lines represent participants with high glucose levels and without G6PDdef. Dashed‐dotted lined represent participants with high glucose levels and with G6PDdef. G6PD indicates glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase; G6PDdef, G6PD deficiency; Gluc, glucose; Norm, normal; and PWV, pulse‐wave velocity.

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  Figure 3. Model‐predicted trajectories of PWV of the 4 different groups, labeled as in Figure 1, in men and women. Refer to the model in Table S4 for statistics on the significance of differences in slopes. Significant interactions include: men: time2 with glucose (P=0.0103), time with G6PD deficiency (P=0.0048); women: time2 with glucose (P=0.0134). The longitudinal plots of the modeled data are constructed for population age=40 years, systolic blood pressure=120 mm Hg (when applicable), body mass index24 kg/m2 (when applicable), normal glucose=80 mg/dL, and high glucose=120 mg/dL. G6PD indicates glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase; Gluc, glucose; MBP, mean blood pressure; Norm, normal; and PWV, pulse‐wave velocity.

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  Figure 4. Model‐predicted trajectories of PWV normalized for MBP (PWV/MBP) of the 4 different groups, labeled as in Figure 1, in men and women. Refer to the model in Table S5 for statistics on the significance of differences in slopes. Significant interactions include: men: time2 with glucose (P=0.0042), time with G6PD deficiency (P=0.0132); women: time2 with glucose (P=0.0061). The longitudinal plots of the modeled data are constructed for population age=40 years, systolic blood pressure=120 mm Hg (when applicable), body mass index=24 kg/m2 (when applicable), normal glucose=80 mg/dL, and high glucose=120 mg/dL. G6PD indicates glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase; Gluc, glucose; MBP, mean blood pressure; Norm, normal; and PWV, pulse‐wave velocity.

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  Figure 5. Longitudinal smoothed trajectories of variables versus follow‐uptime by sex and G6PD and glucose group. A, waist; (B) hip circumferences; (C) waist‐to‐hip ratio; (D) triglycerides; and (E) HDL cholesterol. Group identification is as indicated in Figure 1. G6PD indicates glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase; Gluc, glucose; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; and Norm, normal.

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  Figure 6. The complex possible alternative metabolic fates of high glucose in the presence of G6PDdef. G6PD indicates glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase; and G6PDdef, G6PD deficiency. AGE indicates advanced glycation endproduct; NADP, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; and NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced form.