Political legitimacy through sacred space: How the abbāsids mobilized Mecca and Medina as instruments of symbolic power

The Two Holy Mosques in Mecca and Medina hold a central place in Muslim life and history due to their deep religious symbolism and connection to the early development of Islam and its core rituals. Recognizing their significance, Islamic dynasties consistently incorporated these sacred sites into their political strategies to legitimize and strengthen their authority. This study examines how the Abbāsids caliphs used religious symbolism, drawing on classical Arab historical narratives and modern political sociology. It analyzes their efforts to reinforce power through the expansion and maintenance of the Two Holy Mosques, the organization of public religious events, and the promotion of rituals tied to these sacred spaces. These actions helped construct an image of leadership rooted in both religious devotion and political authority, extending beyond conventional military and administrative methods. The findings reveal that the Abbāsids developed a distinctive governance approach by transforming holy sites, rituals, and associated narratives into tools of symbolic power. This strategy enabled them to solidify their legitimacy, unify their rule, and shape the ideological foundations of their authority. Ultimately, the integration of religious symbolism into governance played a crucial role in sustaining Abbāsids political dominance.