Whitlockite solid solutions Ca9−x M x R(PO4)7 (x = 1, 1.5; M = Mg, Zn, Cd; R = Ln, Y) with antiferroelectric properties

Whitlockite solid solutions Ca9−x M x R(PO4)7 (M = Mg, Zn, Cd; R = Ln, Y) were synthesized as powders and ceramics using solid-phase synthesis. Dielectric investigations and second harmonic generation (SHG) tests showed that ferroelectric (FE) phase transitions existing in samples with x = 0 change to antiferro-electric (AFE) transitions between two centrosymmetrical phases in samples with x = 1 or 1.5. The calcium-ion solid electrolyte conductivity in Ca9−x M x R(PO4)7 at high temperatures appears either as a result of an antiferroelectric-paraelectric (AFE-PE) phase transition (for x = 1) or as a result of a separate phase transition near 1173 K (for x = 1.5). The appearance of dielectric properties in whitlockites is discussed with reference to the features of their polar and centrosymmetrical structures.