Combined maternal and postnatal high-fat diet leads to metabolic syndrome and is effectively reversed by resveratrol: a multiple-organ study

Figures

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  Figure 1. Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT). (A) Serum glucose kinetics (B) Area under glucose curve (C) Serum insulin kinetics (D) Area under insulin curve during the IPGTT. Five experimental groups (n = 13–14 per group): CC: maternal rat chow diet + postnatal chow diet; HC: maternal obesity/high-fat diet + postnatal chow diet; CH: maternal rat chow diet + postnatal high-fat diet; HH: maternal obesity/high-fat diet + postnatal high-fat diet; HHR: maternal obesity/high-fat diet + postnatal high-fat diet + resveratrol. Hit 1, maternal high-fat diet; Hit 2, postnatal high-fat diet. Two-way ANOVA was used to assess the statistical significance of differences among groups and the therapeutic effect of resveratrol was evaluated by Mann-Whitney U test. **P < 0.01.

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  Figure 2. Plasma angiotensin I and II levels. (A) Angiotensin I level (B) Angiotensin II level. Two-way ANOVA was used to assess the statistical significance of differences among groups and the therapeutic effect of resveratrol was evaluated by Mann-Whitney U test. n = 13 per group in (A) and 6–8 per group in (B). *P < 0.05.

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  Figure 3. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) mRNA expression and abundance. (A) fat (B) pancreas (C) dorsal hippocampus. Two-way ANOVA was used to assess the statistical significance of differences among groups and the therapeutic effect of resveratrol was evaluated by Mann-Whitney U test. Representative immunoblots and densitometric quantification of SIRT-1 are presented. Values are mean ± SEM. Represented full blots are presented in Supplementary Figure S2. n = 11–13 per group in SIRT1 mRNA expression and n = 6–8 in SIRT1 protein amount. There were one outlier in the pancreas and two outliers in the dorsal hippocampus SIRT1 protein abundance, respectively. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01.

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  Figure 4. AT1R, AT2R, ACE, ACE2 and MAS in fat. Two-way ANOVA was used to assess the statistical significance of differences among groups and the therapeutic effect of resveratrol was evaluated by Mann-Whitney U test. n = 11–13 per group. *P < 0.05. AT1R, angiotensin II type I receptor; AT2R, angiotensin II type II receptor; ACE, Angiotensin-converting enzyme; ACE2, Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2.

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  Figure 5. AT1R, AT2R, ACE, ACE2 and MAS in pancreas. Two-way ANOVA was used to assess the statistical significance of differences among groups and the therapeutic effect of resveratrol was evaluated by Mann-Whitney U test. n = 11–13 per group. *P < 0.05.

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  Figure 6. AT1R, AT2R, ACE, ACE2 and MAS in dorsal hippocampus. Two-way ANOVA was used to assess the statistical significance of differences among groups and the therapeutic effect of resveratrol was evaluated by Mann-Whitney U test. n = 11–13 per group. *P < 0.05.