Left atrial and ventricular deformation: alterations and predictive value of echocardiography parameters in end-stage renal disease patients after kidney transplantation

Figures

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  Figure 1. Philips automated 3D dynamic heart model. The software traces the end-diastolic and end-systolic LV endocardial borders, allowing for precise volume calculations and EF. Additionally, the system boasts operator-correction capabilities to address any potential errors.

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  Figure 2. Exploring diastolic function: Tissue Doppler echo in four-chamber view reveals the septal E′ velocity, providing valuable insights into the heart’s relaxation phase. E′ is 6.42 cm/s in this patient.

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  Figure 3. Unveiling LA strain; discovering the three components of LA strain with zero point at end of diastole. LA strain was measured using STE in both the four-chamber and two-chamber LA focus views. The zero point was set at the end of the diastole, and the software tracked the speckles (tiny myocardial tissue markers) throughout the cardiac cycle to quantify the strain percentage in each phase. Three separate values were reported for each phase, representing the LA strain during the reservoir, conduit, and contractile phases, respectively. The unit of strain is expressed in percentage (%), with more negative values indicating better LA function in each phase.

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  Figure 4. Assessing LVGLS with STE: a comprehensive view from four-chamber, three-chamber, and two-chamber views. This image captures LVGLS analysis using Philips vendor’s advanced speckle tracking technology in an ESRD patient before KTx. The speckle tracking software precisely analyses myocardial tissue movement based on speckle patterns within the cardiac images obtained from four-chamber, three-chamber, and two-chamber views. By tracking these speckles throughout the cardiac cycle, it quantifies LV strain during systole and diastole. The LV strain values are expressed as negative percentages (%) in figure.

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  Figure 5. Correlation diagram of significant correlations. Correlations between changes in LVGLS and (A) Δ3D-LVEF and (B) ΔLVSV, in addition to changes in 3D-LVEF and (C) ΔLASb, (D) ΔLVSV, and (E) ΔLVESV.