Association of Visceral Fat Mass Index with Diabetes and Vascular Complications: NHANES 2011–2018 Cross-Sectional Study

Figures

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  Fig. 1.. Flow chart of study participants.

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  Fig. 2.. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) logistic regression of log-transformed visceral fat mass index [log(vFMI), natural logarithm] with (A) diabetes, (B) diabetic nephropathy (DN), and (C) cardiovascular disease. Red lines show odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) (dashed). Gray bars indicate the distribution of log(vFMI). Estimated inflection points are marked for diabetes (−1.380) and DN (−1.423). P-overall values represent overall associations, and P-nonlinear values test for deviation from linearity. Adjusted for age, sex, race, education level, poverty income ratio (PIR), alcohol consumption, smoking, HDL cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure (SBP). The solid and dotted lines represent the estimated values and their corresponding 95% CIs, respectively.

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  Fig. 3.. RCS logistic regression of log-transformed visceral fat mass index (vFMI) with the prevalence of diabetes (DM; A to C) and DN (D to F) in subgroup analyses. The solid red line shows the estimated OR, and the dashed line shows the 95% CI. Gray histograms indicate the distribution of log(vFMI). P-overall values represent overall associations, and P-nonlinear values test for deviation from linearity. The solid and dotted lines represent the estimated values and their corresponding 95% CIs, respectively. Adjusted for age, sex, race, education level, PIR, alcohol consumption, smoking, HDL cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure (SBP), except that sex or race was not included when stratifying by those variables.

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  Fig. 4.. Forest plots of stratified analyses of standardized vFMI and prevalence of diabetes. Adjusted for age, sex, race, education level, PIR, alcohol consumption, smoking, HDL cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure (SBP).

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  Fig. 5.. Analysis of the mediation by HOMA-IR of the associations of diabetes (A) and DN (B) prevalence. Adjusted for age, sex, race, education level, PIR, alcohol consumption, smoking, HDL cholesterol, and SBP.