Public–private–producer partnerships (4Ps) in agricultural value chains

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Public-private-producer partnerships (4Ps) in agricultural value chains Sustainable inclusion of smallholders in agricultural value chains Value chains in agriculture involve a variety of actors and institutions, the vast majority of which are private-sector companies. These companies provide the financial services, technology, knowhow and information needed to meet the standards dictated by specific value chains. As a result, the value-chain development projects financed by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) involve forging linkages between small-scale producers and private companies.