Permanent Pacing Lead Insertion Through the Cephalic Vein Using an Hydrophilic Guidewire

The cephalic vein (CV) should be preferred to the subclavian vein for the insertion of permanent pacing leads because of better results. Unfortunately, the direct lead introduction using the standard CV cutdown is often unsuccessful. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of a steerable hydrophilic guidewire (HGW) for lead insertion through the CV. An HGW was successfully introduced through the cephalic vein and into the subclavian vein. Over a 6-month period, 115 consecutive patients underwent pacemaker implantation. In nine (7.8%) patients, the cephalic vein did not allow lead or guidewire introduction. The direct introduction of the leads through the CV was successful in 55 (51.9%) of 106 patients. In 14 (12.2%) additional patients, a lead was inserted through the CV using a standard guidewire. The use of an HGW and of a split introducer allowed successful insertion of at least one lead in 35 (30.4%) additional patients. Overall, the HGW was successful in 35 (94.6%) of 37 of patients in which the technique was attempted. The CV approach was successful in 104 (90.4%) of 115 patients. In conclusion, the use of an HGW allows the insertion of a pacing lead through the CV in the great majority of patients in whom direct introduction and the use of a standard guidewire had failed. The technique significantly improves the success rate of the CV approach and may help to improve the acute and long-term results of permanent cardiac pacing.