Holistic Fisheries Management: Combining Macroecology, Ecology, and Evolutionary Biology

Ecosystem-based management one of many indispensable components objective, holistic management human impacts on nonhuman systems. itself, however, ecosystem-based management the same risks we face other forms of current management; requires more. Combining singlespecies ecosystem approaches represents . However, it is now recognized management also needs to evosystem-based. In other words, management to account for all coevolutionary evolutionary interactions all species; otherwise we fall far of holism. Fully holistic practices are distinct from the approaches to the of fisheries that are applied . this paper, we show how macroecological can guide management , objectively, and holistically. present one particular macroecological with two applications. The first is a case study of fisheries from Baltic Sea involving historical data for species; the second involves a sample 44 species of primarily marine fish . In both cases we evaluate historical rates and determine holistic/ sustainable single-species fishing to illustrate that conventional fisheries leads to much more extensive pervasive overfishing than currently ; harvests are, on average, over -fold too large to be fully sustainable. general, our approach involves only the sustainability of fisheries and resources but also the sustainability the ecosystems and evosystems in which occur. Using macroecological patterns four important goals: 1) Macroecology becomes one of the interdisciplinary of management. 2) S ustainability becomes an option for from populations of individual , species groups, ecosystems, and entire marine environment. 3) Policies and goals are reality-based, , or fully systemic; they account ecological as well as evolutionary and dynamics (including management ). 4) Numerous management questions can addressed.